1. Law School Clinics

Law schools generally will have at least 2-3 clinics at or connected with their school (usually more) which have licensed attorneys in charge of 2-20 law school interns who answer questions from people like you.

As I’ve mentioned elsewhere, I had the luck to intern with a nonprofit legal organization (that’s right—NON profit) that specialized in media-related law. We helped clients with everything from drafting contracts like license agreements, copyright assignments, letters to big companies requesting permission to use trademarks in games, assessing the level of risk involved in the use of another’s content in the client’s game, and how to reduce that risk. On a few occasions, I had to look up clinics like ours in other states for clients because sometimes we couldn’t help them with the work they needed done due to state law conflicts (like contracts or business formation).

Pros:

• Experienced attorneys on staff. Usually very experienced attorneys are attached to these clinics, so you know that the work done by the interns is reviewed and analyzed by an experienced eye. Often times the attorneys in the clinic are still practicing and also have access to other attorneys with similar experience levels, just in case.

• Generally pro bono (free) or low bono (nominal fee + any fees your request requires, such as registration fees to the trademark office if you’re registering a trademark).

• Often, you’ll get more bang for your buck, so to speak. Students working at these clinics are seriously motivated to please their bosses and make a good impression, as well as to gain expertise in the field in which they are working. As such, while the efficiency of their work may be reduced a bit by a learning curve or classes, they will often times do twice the research and work required for your issue just to make sure they didn’t miss anything before handing off their answers to the supervising attorney. As such, you can feel confident that if there was an unknown issue related to your query, they probably found it and analyzed it. Who wouldn’t want their attorneys to have that kind of dedication, especially when you don’t have to pay for it?

Cons:

• Potentially longer wait time. The thing with law school clinics is that they run on the schedule of their host school, which means that if you catch them near the end of a semester, your case may be put on hold for the next semester so that the next set of students will have cases to work on. Thus, if you’re on a tight schedule, a clinic might not be for you, especially if your issue is complex. However, it never hurts to contact them and ask what their case load is like.

• Interns. This really isn’t that much of a con because although interns do the majority of the work submitted to the clinic, it’s not like these are high schoolers researching your issue. Law school clinics are highly specialized in a particular area of law, and students have to apply to get into them—their background and experience in that area of law is key to getting accepted, which means that they already had an interest in the area of law at issue for you, and likely have taken several classes (if not a previous career in it) about the subject. Plus, licensed attorneys are required to review their work before sending it to you. Really, you get at least two sets of eyes on your problem, not to mention the other interns with whom the intern assigned to your case likely consulted in writing their answer (or other document).

• Some clinics have income caps to qualify for their assistance. This means that, depending on how much you make a year, you may not qualify for certain clinics (e.g. Thomas Jefferson, below, is 200% of poverty level). Other clinics have much higher caps, such as two million a year (for small businesses). If you’re unsure whether you qualify, just call and ask them what their income cap is for assistance.

Where to Find Law Clinics:

It’s pretty obvious that law school clinics can be found on law school websites, so we’ll move past that to some specifics. San Diego alone has 3 law schools with business/entertainment-related clinics that offer free or low cost legal assistance. They also may help out-of-state (and perhaps country) clients, depending on your issue.

For those of you OUTSIDE of San Diego (or California), Entrepreneurship.org has created a list of all the U.S. law school clinics related to business & entertainment law, organized by state.

General Types of Clinics For Game Devs:

Business Clinics typically provide business-related services such as LLC formation, documents related to employees, and probably anything else you might need when setting up a business entity for your game (highly recommended to avoid the risk of losing your big assets like your house or car in the event you get sued for something related to your game).

Trademark and Patent clinics usually focus on registration and prosecution (communication with the USPTO about questions/issues related to your trademark/patent in getting it registered).

Entertainment/Media Law Clinics tend to pick up the slack from the above types of clinics, such as drafting other kinds of intellectual property-related contracts and documents (copyright assignments, licenses, talent releases, dealing with content takedowns, etc.). They don’t typically do registration other than copyright (because it’s super easy and rarely contested), but they typically won’t draft contracts for you if you don’t live in their state—they’ll recommend you find a clinic in your home state for that, because contract law is state law, whereas trademark and copyright/trademark/patent is federal/national law.

San Diego’s Law Schools Are:

California Western School of Law (CWSL) (my school!)

• New Media Rights
• Trademark Clinic

University of San Diego School of Law (USD)

• Entrepreneurship Clinic (their income cap is just above $29,000/year for a household of 1, but can be negotiated with the supervising attorney. You just call and leave a message with the clinic to see about moving forward with your case–they don’t have an online app.)

Thomas Jefferson School of LAW (TJSL)

• Small Business Law Clinic
• Entertainment & Media Law Clinic
• Trademark Clinic (limited to clients in San Diego County)

NOTE: Thomas Jefferson’s clinics have a relatively low income bar to be accepted into their program, although that can be negotiated with the supervising attorney. Generally you have to be 200% below the poverty line (for 1 person, that’s $23,340 a year).

2. Incubator Programs

 

Incubator programs are basically group homes for newbie lawyers, hosted/subsidized by a law school. For example, California Western and Thomas Jefferson have incubator programs in which the schools offer to recently licensed attorneys (under 5 years of being licensed) seriously discounted, shared office space (and all the needed office equipment), seminars on marketing and business management, and other kinds of support for those attorneys (from their respective schools) who are aiming to hang their own shingle (e.g. be a solo practitioner). You can visit the sites below and search through their listed attorneys.

California Western: Access to Law Initiative

Thomas Jefferson: Incubator Brochure

Pros:

• Typically fast response times. These lawyers are building their client lists, and, especially in the first year of the program (they usually last 18 months before the attorneys have to go it on their own, to make room for other, new attorneys), they may be desperate for clients. As such, they usually have the time to deal with whatever issue you may have, and then ask if there is anything else you can possibly think of for them to do for you.

• They aim to please. Believe it or not, the most common reason lawyers even go into the profession is to learn how to help solve people’s problems. Sure, the lure of large amounts of money is great, but know that law school is SO NOT WORTH IT for anyone just in it for the money. Those people don’t make it because the amount of work, tedium, rule following, and stress isn’t something people can deal with if their heart’s not in it. Sure, there are lawyers out there who are douche-knockers, but the majority of us are OCD-type people who get our rocks off knowing that we helped someone resolve an issue in an area of law that we absolutely love. We live for that sense of satisfaction in knowing we did a good job. Honestly, it’s a little pathetic how much we want to please everyone, so it’s probably a good thing that fact is often obscured by fancy office wear and hideous doctorates on the wall that no one can read. Seriously, NO ONE CAN READ THAT FONT!

• They’re licensed attorneys. This means there’s no other oversight required (as with a clinic) before you can get a response. Also, the area of law in which they go into is generally what they’ve focused on for the previous 3-4 years, exclusively, with internships and class work, so they’re pretty darn knowledgeable about the law (and are current with the law because they just got out of school).

Cons:

• Typically you’ll have to pay them. However, both you and they know that they are not very experienced (in the real world), so their fees are going to be a lot cheaper than your typical firm.

• They’re not as experienced. True, but that doesn’t meant they have no clue what they’re doing. They also have access to other attorneys in the incubator program who specialize in other areas of the law with whom they can consult or refer, so that’s a plus.

My final thought on this point is that even if they’re not experienced in doing specifically what you need done, a lot of skills and theory transfer, and newbie attorneys are more than capable of figuring out how to do something new. Plus, with their reputation on the line, they’ll make every effort to get you the best quality stuff you can possibly get, even possibly rivaling that which you might receive from a bigger law firm.

3. Non Law School Clinics/Organizations

 

There are a number of clinics and organizations which do pro bono work, but are not attached to law schools. The EFF (Electronic Frontier Foundation), for example, takes on certain lawsuits related to digital/data privacy and first amendment rights. They take on what they want, however, so your case might not be what they’re looking for, but they do have a ton of great guides related to legal issues with regard to online and first amendment issues.

Another example is the California Lawyers for the Arts. They are an organization of lawyers who give their time on arts (digital, film, games, etc.) –related cases, although they may charge you a fee for their services–call and ask.

CLA Lawyer Request

4. New Hires At Large Law Firms (potentially)

 

This was news to me, mostly because until I interned with a big firm, I had no reason to know this was even a possibility as a policy.

So, when large firms, such as DLA Piper, hire new attorneys (read: likely only newly licensed, not all their recent hires), they may require their new hires to do a significant number of hours of pro bono work (e.g. 50-100 a year). This benefits the firm’s image in offering pro bono services, and it eases the new hires into the firm’s culture by giving them somewhat low-stress cases to start with, so they can get their feet wet. These new hires are also often former interns with the firm, so they have a great experience background.

What this means is that, depending on the parameters of the firm’s policies, these new hires might be able to take your case on, pro bono. But, it may also be that the firm has a list of pro bono cases already waiting for the newbies to deal with. Either way, it can’t hurt to ask.

I know for a fact that DLA Piper does this, and they have offices in entertainment law hubs, such as L.A. and New York, in which case there might be a stronger possibility of them helping you. Much like with the interns or incubator attorneys, these new hires have access to highly experienced attorneys (usually appointed a mentor, in the beginning), as well as the huge resources available to the firm with which to resolve your issue.

I’d recommend looking up big firms, such as DLA Piper, Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman, Perkins Coie, Jones Day, etc. and see about their pro bono programs, and whether you qualify (and whether they can get back to you within your needed timeframe).

5. Game-Specific Law Firms/Attorneys

 

There are law firms out there that specialize in video game law (interactive entertainment law). Note: this is different than ‘gaming law,’ as that pertains to gambling law. Depending on their experience level, their fees will vary, but it probably wouldn’t hurt to hit them up and see if they can take you on, or at least refer you to an affordable alternative. Googling ‘interactive entertainment’ + ‘attorney’ will get you in the ballpark.

As someone commented on this post on another site, “many of us will give free advice to those with humble beginnings in the hope that when they grow, we can grow with them, and when they can pay, they will.”

Here are just a few:

Frankfurt Kurnit – Sean Kane & Greg Boyd

Side note: Greg Boyd co-authored a book, Business & Legal Primer for Game Development (2007) —it’s an easy read and well worth it if you have zero background in running a games business or with intellectual property law.

Interactive Entertainment Law Group (IE) – Patrick Sweeney

The Game Attorney– Tom Buscaglia  (he has a game dev kit: for $295–I haven’t seen it, but it might be worth checking out!)

Johnson & Moo – I don’t know their work, personally, but I met Mr. Johnson at a game tech law conference.

Dan Rogers

Ryan Morrison – he does a reddit AMA (ask me anything) once a month for an hour, answering all general questions about intellectual property law as it pertains to games (and other nonsensical questions people ask).

Brandon Huffman